Systems and methods for fluid flow based renewable energy generation

ABSTRACT

A fluid-driven power generation unit, may include two sets of airfoils disposed on opposite sides of the power generation unit with their leading edges facing a windward end of the power generation unit; a body element having a curved front face and a back disposed, wherein at least a portion of the elongate body element is disposed between the first and second set of airfoils; and a power generation unit disposed in alignment with the body element, the power generation unit including at least a housing, and a turbine and an electrical generation unit actuated by the turbine disposed within the housing. As a fluid flows across the airfoils, the lifting force of the airfoils causes a reduced pressure within the power generation unit, drawing air past the turbine, through the body element and out the back of the body element, thereby extracting power from this secondary fluid flow stream.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No.17/458,106, filed Aug. 26, 2021 and titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORFLUID FLOW BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION,” which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed technology relates generally to renewable energy, and moreparticularly, some embodiments relate to systems and methods forgenerating energy using fluid flow.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

The demand for and level of interest in renewable energy continues toclimb, and the race for new technologies is on. Governments, researchinstitutes, private corporations and startups are developing new andincreasingly efficient renewable energy sources for various differentapplications. Wind and other fluid power has been in use for as long as,if not longer than, any other form of renewable energy. Centuries ago,our ancestors used windmills, for example, to pump water and grindgrains. By the late 19th century, wind turbines were in use to produceelectricity.

Fast forward to 1953, when De Havilland Propellers Ltd. built a 100 kWwind turbine in St. Albans, Prince (2006), UK based on theAndreau-Enfield wind turbine. Later, in 1957 the Algerian Gas andElectricity Company built a similar turbine at Grand Vent, Delafond(1961). Both turbines had a diameter of 24 meters, driven by theexternal wind flow. A smaller internal fan is driven by a separateinternal flow stream through the hollow wind turbine blade, in which anairflow is allowed to exit the tip of the blade. The flow inside theblade is driven by the centrifugal force, and essentially the wholerotor is operating as a centrifugal pump. The pump draws the air fromthe base of the tower, where airflow passes an axial fan (or centrifugalor radial fan) which extracts the power. However, the flow path containsa number of rather severe restrictions with associated pressure losses.

Wind turbines have evolved substantially since that time, but there isstill room for improvement with the mechanisms used to convert fluidflow into electricity. In conventional wind turbines and diffusoraugmented wind turbines (DAWT), there is only a single flow stream. Asthe rotor thrust increases, flow rates through the rotor decrease. ForDAWT turbines, this decreases the flow circulation around the diffusorairfoils and decreases their impact. When placed on a building or otherstructure with a large wind shear and speed up, it can be difficult touphold the rotor thrust, adequately.

Diffusor augmented wind turbines (DAWT) or shrouded rotors have beenincorrectly touted as exceeding the Betz limit because the rotordiameter has been used as a reference as opposed to the largest diameterof the diffusor. DAWTs with short shrouds act like open rotors withlimited or no additional back pressure on the rotor. However, withlonger shrouds an additional negative back pressure behind the rotorappears, augmenting both the power coefficient (Cp) and thrust (Ct) ofthe rotor.

Ordinary wind turbines with a free rotor produce power from the fluidwithout a pressure differential from the inlet domain far upstream tothe outlet domain for downstream, albeit a rotor thrust in the vicinityof the rotor can be interpreted as a pressure differential. In a DAWTsystem this near rotor pressure differential can be somewhat largerbecause of the encasing diffusor, but ultimately there is only one flowstream and the same constraints as a free rotor exist. Either, is unlikethe Andreau-Enfield wind turbine where the fluid power extraction andthe pressure generation are almost completely uncoupled into twoseparate flow streams.

While utility wind has been massively successful over the past twodecades, driven by low cost of energy and the increasing demand forrenewable energy, small wind has not been able to accelerate its impact.This is due to the high cost/performance and complexity in deployment,in spite of the growing interest in renewables. This is especially truenear or on buildings. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) do notsolve the technical and environmental issues concerning the end-user.This is in contrast to solar photovoltaics (PV) on the other hand, whichhas exploded in popularity, in part, because it addresses those concernswith a passive installation and minimal intrusion in the localenvironment.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the technology disclosed herein are directed towarddevices and methods for providing power from fluid flow (e.g., air,water or other fluid. Embodiments may be implemented in which a powergeneration unit has two distinct flow streams, one external and oneinternal. Particularly, embodiments may include external airfoils facingthe wind (or other fluid), to produce a low-pressure potential, Cp(x),on the surface of the airfoils and in the vicinity the airfoils. Thelow-pressure potential drives the internal flow stream, which may bedrawn from a separate inlet through an internal turbine that extractsenergy and then ejects the residual fluid into the free stream.

In some embodiments, a fluid-driven power generation unit, may include;a first plate; a second plate; a first set of airfoils disposed on afirst side of the power generation unit between the first plate and thesecond plate with their leading edges facing a windward end of the powergeneration unit, the first set of airfoils may include a first airfoiland a second airfoil, the second airfoil being positioned behind and tothe outside of the first airfoil and spatially overlapping the firstairfoil; a second set of airfoils disposed on a second side of the powergeneration unit, opposite the first side, between the first plate andthe second plate with their leading edges facing a windward end of thepower generation unit, the second set of airfoils may include a thirdairfoil and a fourth airfoil, the fourth airfoil being positioned behindand to the outside of the third airfoil and spatially overlapping thethird airfoil; an elongate body element having a curved front face andan at least partially open back disposed between the first plate and thesecond plate, wherein at least a portion of the elongate body element isdisposed between the first and second set of airfoils; a generatorincluding a housing, a turbine disposed within the housing, and anelectrical generation unit actuated by the turbine; and a manifoldcoupled between the elongate body element, the manifold may include abody with a top opening of a geometry configured to mate with a bottomedge of the elongate body, and a bottom opening of a geometry configuredto mate with a top edge of the housing of the power generation unit;wherein wind flowing through openings between the elongate body elementand the first and the second sets of airfoils is accelerated by innersurfaces of the first and the second sets of airfoils causing a reducedpressure within the power generation unit, the reduced pressure drawingair past the turbine, through the manifold and the elongate bodyelement, and out the at least partially open back of the elongate bodyelement, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the power generation unitto generate electrical power.

In various embodiments, the first plate and the second plate aresubstantially horizontal, and the first set and second set of airfoilsand the elongate body element are substantially vertical.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include: a thirdairfoil positioned behind and to the outside of the first airfoil andspatially overlapping the first airfoil; and a fourth airfoil positionedbehind and to the outside of the second airfoil and spatiallyoverlapping the second airfoil.

The first plate may comprise an airfoil substantially perpendicular tothe first and second sets of airfoils, spanning a width of the powergeneration unit.

In various embodiments, the curved front face of the elongate bodyelement presents a solid curved surface to the wind such that airflow isdirected by this surface to either side of the elongate body elementover the airfoils.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include a bafflepartially surrounding a leeward side of an inlet, to direct air from thewindward end of the power generation unit into inlets in the housing ofthe generator, such that the inlet is fluidically coupled to the inletsin the housing of the generator. The windward side of the inlet mayencapsulated by a chamber open in the windward direction.

In further embodiments, a fluid-driven power generation unit, mayinclude: a first set of airfoils disposed on a first side of the powergeneration unit with their leading edges facing a first end of the powergeneration unit; a second set of airfoils disposed on a second side ofthe power generation unit, opposite the first side, with their leadingedges facing the first end of the power generation unit; an elongatedbody element having a curved front face and an at least partially openback, wherein at least a portion of the elongated body element isdisposed between the first and second set of airfoils; and a powergeneration unit in fluid communication with the elongated body element,the power generation unit may include a housing, a turbine disposedwithin the housing, and an electrical generation unit actuated by theturbine; wherein fluid flowing through openings between the elongatedbody element and the first and the second sets of airfoils isaccelerated by inner surfaces of the first and the second sets ofairfoils causing a reduced pressure within the power generation unit,the reduced pressure drawing fluid past the turbine, through theelongated body element and out the at least partially open back of theelongated body element, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the powergeneration unit to generate electrical power.

The power generation unit may be disposed in axial alignment with theelongated body element.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include a manifoldcoupled to a bottom of the elongated body element, the manifold mayinclude a body with a top opening of a geometry configured to mate witha bottom edge of the body, and a bottom opening of a geometry configuredto mate with a top edge of between the elongated body element and thehousing of the power generation unit.

The back of the elongated body element may completely open in someembodiments. The back of the elongated body element is at leastpartially perforated in some embodiments.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include guide vanesdisposed in the elongated body element and configured to modify thedischarge of airflow compared to a fluid-driver power generation unitwithout the guide vanes.

The first set of airfoils may include a first airfoil and a secondairfoil, the second airfoil being positioned behind and to the outsideof the first airfoil and spatially overlapping the first airfoil. Thesecond set of airfoils may include a third airfoil and a fourth airfoil,the fourth airfoil being positioned behind and to the outside of thethird airfoil and spatially overlapping the third airfoil.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include a top plateand a bottom plate, wherein the first and second sets of airfoils aredisposed in a vertical orientation between the top plate and the bottomplate. The top plate may include a horizontally disposed airfoil,spanning a width of the power generation unit.

The fluid may be ambient air, and the curved front face of the elongatebody element may presents a solid curved surface to the fluid such thata flow is directed by this surface to either side of the elongate bodyelement over the airfoils.

The fluid-driven power generation unit may further include a ductsurrounding a first side of an inlet, the duct configured to direct thefluid from a first end of the inlet into at least one inlet in thehousing of the generator, wherein the inlet, the duct, and the at leastone inlet in the housing of the generator may be fluidically coupled.The fluid-driver power generation unit may further include an actuatorconfigured to rotate the inlet into a direction of a fluid flow.

In various embodiments, a second side of the inlet may be encapsulatedby at least partially open chamber.

In various embodiments, the number of airfoils in the first set may notbe the same as the number of airfoils in the second set.

The elongated body element may include non-linearly distributed crosssections.

The ratio of an ejection area of the fluid-generation power generationunit to a swept area may be larger than 0.66 in various embodiments.

In further embodiments, a fluid-driven power generation unit, mayinclude; a first wall and a second wall on opposite ends of the powergeneration unit; an elongate body element having a curved front face andan at least partially open back disposed, at least in part, between thefirst wall and the second wall; a first airfoil and a second airfoildisposed on opposite sides of the elongate body element between thefirst wall and the second wall with their leading edges facing awindward end of the power generation unit to create openings between theelongate body element and the first and the second airfoil,respectively; a generator may include a housing, a turbine disposedwithin the housing, and an electrical generation unit actuated by theturbine; and a manifold coupled between the elongate body element andthe housing of the generator; wherein wind flowing through the openingsis accelerated by inner surfaces of the first and the second airfoilcausing a reduced pressure within the power generation unit, the reducedpressure drawing air past the turbine, through the manifold and theelongate body element, and out the at least partially open back of theelongate body element, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the powergeneration unit to generate electrical power.

Other features and aspects of the disclosed technology will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, thefeatures in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosedtechnology. The summary is not intended to limit the scope of anyinventions described herein, which are defined solely by the claimsattached hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The technology disclosed herein, in accordance with one or more variousembodiments, is described in detail with reference to the followingfigures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only andmerely depict typical or example embodiments of the disclosedtechnology. These drawings are provided to facilitate the reader'sunderstanding of the disclosed technology and shall not be consideredlimiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability thereof. It should benoted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are notnecessarily made to scale.

The technology is applicable in any type of fluid flow, being air, wateror other fluids. Often specific fluids use specific jargon, for examplein air flow, airfoils are used whereas in water flows, hydrofoils areoften used. It is understood that in this text, that when term, such asairfoils are used, the application is not limited to air, the term isonly used by example.

Some of the figures included herein illustrate various embodiments ofthe disclosed technology from different viewing angles. The accompanyingtext refers to such views as “top,” “bottom” or “side” views, and mayrefer to parts of the structures as “top,” “bottom” “end” or “side,” andmay use terms such as “vertical” and “horizontal” to describeorientations of components. Such references are made to facilitatedescription of embodiments and are made relative to the orientation ofembodiments illustrated in the respective drawings. However, these termsdo not imply or require that a power generation unit be implemented orused in a particular spatial orientation. Instead, power generationunits may be installed upside-down, on their side or in some otherspatial orientation such that a component described as a top componentis not on the top of the unit, and so on.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example fluid-driven power generation unit inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective side view of the example fluid-drivenpower unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a front view of the example fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a rear view of the example fluid-driven power unit ofFIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a top-perspective rearview of the examplefluid-driven power unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with variousembodiments.

FIG. 6 is a top-down view of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG.1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 a is a bottom-up view of the example fluid-driven power unit ofFIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 b is a perspective of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG.7 a wherein the inlet is encapsulated by a chamber open to the main winddirection, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 c is another perspective view of the example fluid-driven powerunit of FIG. 7 b , in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 d is a perspective view of an example fluid-driven power unithaving an extension of a bottom plate, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 7 e is a side view of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG. 7d , according to various embodiments.

FIG. 7 f illustrates the example fluid-driven power unit shown in FIGS.7 d and 7 e , in an up-flow, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 g illustrates a fluid driven power unit having an integratedinlet and duct directly facing the wind, and configured in a top portionof the fluid driven power unit according to various embodiments.

FIG. 7 h illustrates a fluid driven power unit having an integratedinlet and duct directly facing the wind, and configured in a bottomportion of the fluid driven power unit according to various embodiments.

FIG. 7 i is a top view of a fluid driven power unit having an integratedinlet and duct directly facing the wind and configured at an angle froma center line of the fluid driven power unit, according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 7 j is another perspective view of the fluid driven power unit ofFIG. 7 i , according to various embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative configuration of the fluid-drivenpower unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates rear perspective view of the fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a front perspective view of the fluid-driven powerunit of FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates side and front views of the fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example configuration for a bottom plateincluding mounting cutouts for mounting various components of afluid-driven power unit in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates another view of the bottom plate of FIG. 12 inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates top and bottom views of a bottom plate with an outerbody of manifold mounted therein in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a manifold such as that included inthe examples of FIGS. 10-14 in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 16 a illustrates an example of a U-shaped elongate body mounted toa manifold in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 16 b is a perspective view of an example of a U-shaped elongatebody mounted to a manifold and with a plurality of guide vanes inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 16 c is a side perspective view of an example of a U-shapedelongate body mounted to a manifold and with a plurality of guide vanesin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 16 d is another side perspective view of an example of a U-shapedelongate body mounted to a manifold and with a plurality of guide vanesin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 16 e is a vertical cross section of an example U-shaped bodymounted to a manifold having an internal flow stream pathway, accordingto various embodiments.

FIG. 16 f is a vertical cross section of an example U-shaped bodymounted to a manifold, where the U-shaped body is inclined from verticaland also has non-linearly distributed cross sections.

FIG. 16 g illustrate an example U-shaped body mounted to a manifold,that includes a guide vane in the external flow stream (i.e. notinternal to the U-shaped body)

FIG. 16 h illustrate an example U-shaped body mounted to a manifold,that includes a guide vane in the external flow stream (i.e. notinternal to the U-shaped body). The airfoils have been removed to showthe guide vane more clearly.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exploded view of a manifold, generator body andbottom mounting ring in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exploded view of a generator in accordance withvarious embodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the generator of FIG. 18 mountedwithin the generator body of FIG. 17 in accordance with variousembodiments.

FIG. 20 a is a cross section view of a U-shaped body with a set ofairfoils, each airfoil in the set of airfoils positioned behind and tothe outside of the preceding airfoil according to various embodiments.

FIG. 20 b is a cross section view of a U-shaped body surrounded byvertical airfoil sets which are each comprised of three airfoils,according to aspects of various embodiments.

FIG. 20 c shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body, with fourairfoils used in the airfoil according to various embodiments.

FIG. 20 d is another cross section view of another U-shaped body, havingonly one associated airfoil in each airfoil set.

FIG. 20 e shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body, with airfoilsof different sizes (and types) within the set of airfoils, according tovarious embodiments.

FIG. 20 f shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body, with airfoilsin a set of airfoils having masted (as in sail boat masts with sails)airfoil configuration according to various embodiments.

FIG. 20 g shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body, withasymmetrical (with respect to each other) sets of airfoil according tovarious embodiments.

FIG. 20 h is a cross section view of a U-shaped body, and sets ofairfoils 512 h, wherein the U-shaped body 522 h includes variousapertures according to various embodiments.

The figures are not exhaustive and do not limit the disclosure or thedisclosed embodiments to the precise form disclosed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the technology disclosed herein are directed towarddevices and methods for providing power from fluid flow (e.g., air,water or other fluid. Embodiments may be implemented in which a powercapture device has two distinct flow streams, one external and oneinternal. Particularly, embodiments may include external airfoils facingthe wind, to produce a low-pressure potential, Cp(x), on the surface ofthe airfoils and in the vicinity the airfoils. The low-pressurepotential drives the internal flow stream, which may be drawn from aseparate inlet through an internal turbine that extracts energy and thenejects the residual fluid into the free stream.

As noted above, embodiments may be implemented using two distinctlyseparate flow streams, with two separate airfoils or sets of airfoils.The aerodynamics of the airfoils drive a pressure when facing the windand flow stream internal to the power generation unit is driven by thispressure. The internal flow stream created may be a simple pipe/turbineflow stream that is driven by an externally generated pressure.

In embodiments, Increasing or decreasing the internal flow rate onlyaffects the external flow stream marginally, and units may be providedthat have little adverse effect on downstream devices. In someimplementations, the ejection of the internal flow stream can result inpositive stimulation of the external flow and increase the performanceof downstream units. The flow rate and associated pressure change may beregulated by the design characteristics of the internal turbine and theoperational settings, such as rotor blade angle and rotor rotationalspeed.

The turbine and turbine operation is designed to match the airfoilpressure produced by the airfoil sets. Several types of turbines, may beapplicable to use. An axial propeller provides high efficiency. In orderto achieve desired pressure characteristics, the solidity of thepropeller, defined as the total surface area of the propeller bladesrelative to the duct area (size and number of blades) must be relativelyhigh. This induce swirl in the wake of the propeller, causing momentumloss. This loss can be countered by a stator, and overall increase theconversion of fluid energy to mechanical energy with efficiencies wellover 90%. The arrangement resembles a class of turbomachinery referredto as Kaplan turbine. In the case that insufficient pressuredifferential over a single propeller is unobtainable, additional stagescan be added, for example two or three propellers after each other,resembling that of a multi-stage axial fan of a multi-stage axialturbomachine. In various embodiments, centrifugal or radial fans canalso be used. In some embodiments the generator can be run in reverse topower the fan.

Although not required, it is desired that the airflow is funneled to theinlet, the internal flow stream and internal turbine while it isarranged to minimize flow stream pressure losses and secure sufficientvolume flow in order for the system to function optimally. Specifically,a bell mouth inlet is illustrated to secure low-pressure loss flowefficiency in the inlet. Other shapes than a bell mouth may beconsidered. Secondly a chamber surrounding the inlet, with one openingpartially or fully facing the wind, is to secure a positively pressuredinlet. A positively over-pressured inlet optimizes the volume flow ofthe internal flow stream. For some frame designs, a chamber surroundingthe inlet is easily achieved by inserting a baffle plate surrounding theinlet. In another embodiment, the two functions can be combined in thatof a 90-degree elbow bend and an inlet bell mouth. Specifically, forinstallation on buildings and other elevations, the inlet chamberprotects the inlet against (negative) low pressure regions thatnaturally occurs on rooftops.

Embodiments may be implemented that include airfoils mounted between atop plate and a bottom plate. Particularly, a first set of airfoils maybe disposed on a first side of the power generation unit in a verticalorientation between the top plate and the bottom plate with theirleading edges facing a windward end of the power generation unit. Thefirst set of airfoils may include a first airfoil and a second airfoil,in which the second airfoil is positioned behind (relative to the wind)and to the outside of the first airfoil and may functionally orspatially overlap the first airfoil. It is understood that in airfoilarrangements, airfoils are oriented relatively to each other, to achievecertain aerodynamic or hydrodynamic characteristics and those skilled inthe art will accordingly position these spatially or functionally, withor without actual overlap.

The top and bottom plate may be shaped as plate with the size of theunit foot print. However, for installations where the free wind flow isnon-horizontal, for example when installed on buildings and smallelevations, it is desirable to extend the plates. The building orelevation will force the free wind in a steep up-flow angle and thisangle will cause undesirable flow separation on the lower bottom plates.This can be mitigated with different modifications, extending the platesbeyond the unit natural foot print, adding horizontal splitter vanesbetween the top and bottom and/or forming the top and bottom plates inan airfoil shape or an assembly of multiple airfoils.

Similarly, a second set of airfoils may be disposed on a second side ofthe power generation unit, opposite the first side, in a verticalorientation between the top plate and the bottom plate with theirleading edges facing a windward end of the power generation unit. Thesecond set of airfoils may include a third airfoil and a fourth airfoil,in which the fourth airfoil is positioned behind and to the outside ofthe third airfoil and may spatially overlap the third airfoil. Thesecond set of airfoils may be identical to the first set of airfoils,but not necessarily identical.

An elongate body element having a curved front face and an open back maybe included and may be disposed in a vertical orientation between thetop plate and the bottom plate, wherein at least a portion of theelongate body element may be disposed between the first and second setof airfoils.

Said sets of airfoils can be arranged to create the optimal shapecreating the exact desired pressure in the vicinity of the airfoil sets.In certain configurations, it is desirable to increase or decrease thenumber of airfoils in each set of airfoils, the type of airfoils andtheir relative arrangement. The present disclosure is not limited to acertain class of airfoils. Some types of airfoils are referred to asplated airfoils, which include flat or curved plates with or withoutadditional airfoils characteristic. Another set of airfoils is made ofvery thin material, for example sail cloth. Sail cloth can form anairfoil, without or with a mast structure, the latter often referred toas drop shaped.

A turbine connected to a generator may be disposed below the bottomplate in alignment with the elongate body element, the generator mayinclude a housing, a turbine and an electrical generation unit actuatedby the turbine disposed within the housing. A manifold may be coupled toa bottom of the elongate body element, and the manifold may include abody with a top opening of a geometry configured to mate with a bottomedge of the elongate body, and a bottom opening of a geometry configuredto mate with a top edge of the housing of the power generation unit.

In such an arrangement, wind flowing through openings between theelongate body element and the first and second sets of airfoils isaccelerated by inner surfaces of the airfoils causing a reduced pressurewithin the power generation unit, the reduced pressure drawing air pastthe turbine, through the manifold and the elongate body element and outthe open back of the elongate body element, rotating the turbine,thereby driving the electrical generation unit to generate electricalpower.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example fluid-driven power generation unit inaccordance with various embodiments. FIG. 2 illustrates a perspectiveside view of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG. 1 in accordancewith various embodiments. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the examplefluid-driven power generation unit includes airfoils 112, a top plate110, a bottom plate 111, a body 122 and a generator assembly module 123.The unit is positioned such that the fluid flow (e.g., wind, water orother fluid) impacts the unit in the direction of the arrow.

This example includes a plurality of airfoils 112 positioned at thesides of the unit. This example includes four airfoils 112, configuredas a set of two airfoils 112 on each side of the unit (only one airfoil112 is numbered to avoid clutter in the drawing), although otherquantities of airfoils 112 may be included. Airfoils 112 on each sideare arranged two per side in a configuration such that one airfoil 112is forward and to the inside of the other airfoil 112. Airfoils 112 arearranged with the trailing portion of the inner airfoil 112 overlappingthe leading edge of the outermost airfoil. The outer, rear airfoil 112is positioned with a larger angle of attack relative to the forward,inner airfoil 112. Note, for purposes of discussion only, the windwardside of the unit is designated as the forward side and the leeward sideis referred to as the back or back side. Also, the upper side of theunit as oriented in the diagrams is referred to as the top, and thelower side is referred to as the bottom, although the unit can beconfigured for and installed in other orientations. Also, for ease ofdiscussion, the fluid is referred to as wind or air, but it can beunderstood that the fluid is not limited to wind or air. For example, incan include water, atmospheric, or non-atmospheric gas.

Body 122 in this example presents a solid curved face or pointed surfaceto the wind in this example such that airflow is directed by body 122 toeither side, increasing airflow over airfoils 112. Body 122 has a“U-shaped” cross section, with some or all of the back side of body 122being open. As discussed in detail below, this allows airflow to flow upfrom generator assembly module 123 and out through the back of body 122,ultimately exiting the unit on the back side. The sides of body 122(i.e., the arms of the U) may be parallel to one another, or they mayangle or taper inward or outward, which affects fluid flow through theunit.

Top plate 110 and bottom plate 111 may be included to help confine fluidflow within the unit. Bottom plate 111 may further provide separationbetween fluid flow entering generator assembly module 123 from below andfluid flow exiting body 122, above. Although top plate 110 and bottomplate 111 are illustrated as planar plates, these plates can comprisecurved or other non-planar surfaces, examples of which are describedbelow.

Airfoils 112, whose leading edges face the wind, produce a low-pressurepotential, Cp(x) to the rear of body 122. This low-pressure potentialdrives an internal flow stream from a separate inlet that is positionedbelow body 122. A turbine (not shown in FIG. 1 ) is included ingenerator assembly module 123. The low-pressure potential created withinthe unit by airfoils 112 draws air from the lower inlet throughgenerator assembly module 123 and out the open rear portion of body 122.This airflow through generator assembly module 123 rotates the turbineblades, which are attached to a generator shaft (also not shown in FIG.1 ), to generate electricity.

In various embodiments, increasing or decreasing the internal flow rateonly affects the external flow stream in a marginal way. In somedesigns, the ejection of the internal flow stream can result in positivestimulation of the external flow and increase the performance ofdownstream units.

As seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 , embodiments may be implemented in which atleast the forward portions of generator assembly module 123, and body122 (not shown in this diagram) are positioned forward of airfoils 112.The rear opening portion of body 122 is positioned between forwardairfoils 112.

In various embodiments, fluid-driven power unit can include at least aportion of a frame. The frame can be configured to support one or morestructural portions. The frame can be configured to support one or morestructures configured to be fluidically coupled.

FIG. 3 illustrates a front view of the example fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments. As this viewillustrates, body 122 is substantially centered between airfoils 112 ina central region (from side to side) of the unit. Rear, outer airfoils112 are positioned such that their trailing edges are angled outwardpresenting a larger angle of attack to the wind. This view also showsseparation between inner airfoil 112 in outer airfoils 112 on each sidesuch that airflow over the outer surface of inner airfoil 112 flows overouter airfoil 112. This can increase the negative pressure generated todraw air from the inlet through the body 122.

As this example also illustrates, the front surface of generatorassembly module 123 is rounded and enclosed, and inlet openings (notillustrated in FIG. 2 ) on generator assembly module 123 are positionedon the rear of generator assembly module 123. Such a configuration aspresented in this example allows airflow to be drawn in from the rear ofthe unit. Bottom plate 111 can be included and configured to separatethe negative pressure region between the airfoils above bottom plate 111from the intake region below bottom plate 111.

The power generation units may be configured for mounting on the tops ofbuildings, walls or fences, or other structures or they may beconfigured for mounting on poles, towers, piles, or other mountingdevices. For mounting on buildings, walls, fences or other likestructures embodiments may be implemented in which the unit ispositioned such that generator assembly module 123 is partially or fullybelow the building façade, wall or fence.

The power generation units may be mounted in a fixed orientation withthe front of the units facing the direction of the prevailing wind inthe area. In other embodiments, the power generation units may bemounted on a rotatable mounting structure such that they can be rotated,manually or automatically, into the direction of oncoming winds. Forexample, a weathervane may be included to allow the unit to “find” thedirection of the wind without human intervention. In rotatableconfigurations, generator assembly module 123 (and other componentsbelow bottom plate 110) can be fixed to avoid issues with electricalconnections such as, for example, cable wrap issues.

FIG. 4 illustrates a rearview of the example fluid-driven power unit ofFIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 5 illustrates atop-perspective rearview of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG.1 in accordance with various embodiments. These diagrams illustrate theopen shape of body 122 allowing airflow through generator assemblymodule 123 to be drawn and pass out of the open rear of body 122. As canbe seen from FIG. 5 , body 122 in this example has a semi-oval orU-shaped cross-section with its front portion rounded to minimizeinterference with airflow into the unit and its back portion open toallow air to be drawn out through the generator (only the generatorhousing is shown in FIG. 5 , and not the internal generator components)and out of the back side of body 122. In other embodiments, body 122 canhave other shapes such as, for example, semi-cylindrical, V-shaped,tear-drop shaped or other shapes. In the U-shaped configuration, therear edges of the “U” can be angled or flared outward or inward or theycan be configured as straight, parallel edges as shown in the example ofFIG. 5 .

FIG. 6 is a top-down view of the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG.1 in accordance with various embodiments. This example also shows theU-shaped configuration of body 122 that is provided in the example ofFIG. 1 . This example includes upper cross members 150 positioned on thetop surface of top plate 110. Upper cross members 150 can providemounting support for airfoils 112. In some embodiments, mountingfasteners 152 are provided to mount airfoils 112 to cross members 150through top plate 110. Mounting fasteners 152 can be configured to beadjustable such that the pitch of airfoils 112 can be adjusted prior to,at or after installation and locked into place once set.

FIG. 6 also illustrates mounting flange 133, which in this exampleprovides a flat rim or collar that can be used to secure body 122 to topplate 110. Mounting flange 133 can also be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 . FIGS.1 and 2 also show a mounting flange 134, which provides a flat rim orcollar that can be used to secure the lower portion of body 122 twobottom plate 111. Although not called out in the figures, fasteners suchas, for example, screws, rivets, bolts can be used to secure flange 133and flange 134 to their respective mounting plates, top plate 110 andbottom plate 111. In addition to or in place of such physical fasteners,chemical fastening means may also be used including, for example,adhesives and other bonding agents.

Although top plate 110 is illustrated as a trapezoidal quadrilateral,other shapes can be used for top plate 110. In embodiments wheremultiple units are mounted adjacent one another a single top plate 110can be used for a plurality of adjacent units. For example, multipleunits may be mounted side-by-side, front to back, or in a matrixconfiguration.

FIG. 7 a is a bottom-up view of the example fluid-driven power unit ofFIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 7 a shows part ofgenerator assembly module 123 mounted below bottom plate 111. FIG. 7 aalso shows an inlet 332, through which air can be pulled through. InFIG. 4 through FIG. 7 a , generator assembly module 123 is illustratedas a hollow shell with only the outer body member included. Internalcomponents such as a turbine rotor, stator, electric generator andelectrical connections are not illustrated. These components areillustrated in later diagrams.

FIGS. 7 b and 7 c illustrate the example fluid-driven power unit of FIG.7 a , in which the inlet is encapsulated by a chamber open to the mainwind direction. The chamber can be defined by one or more geometricalshapes (e.g. a partially open box, cylinder, cone, cylindro-cone,baffled cone, etc.). In the example shown in FIGS. 7 b and 7 c, thechamber is defined by an open box 340. While the (negative) low-pressurecreated by the vertical airflow pulls air through the inlet 332regardless of its orientation, it is desirable for reasons of efficiencyto secure a (positive) over-pressure in front of the inlet. Byencapsulating the inlet in the partially open box 340, closing the sidesaround the inlet 332, this over-pressure can be secured.

FIGS. 7 d, 7 e and 7 f illustrate an example fluid-driven power unithaving an extension of the bottom plate. FIGS. 7 d and 7 e show twodifferent perspective views for clarity, wherein FIG. 7 e is s sideperspective view. One or more extensions can enhance the performancewhen the unit is faced with strong up-flow, such as when the unit isinstalled on buildings or other forms of elevation. The front of bottomplate 111 has been extended with a leading-edge 345 and the rear hasbeen extended with a flap 347. Although a flap 347 is shown, it can beappreciated that a lagging edge can be included. It can be appreciatedhow the extensions (leading-edge 345 and flap 347) of the bottom plate111, can form the shape of an airfoil, or a flapped airfoil. It can alsobe appreciated that the plate 111, as well as the extensions (e.g.leading-edge 345 and flap 347) have one or more curves instead of beingflat. As such, various airfoil types can be created. The combination ofthe leading edge 345 and the flap 347 extension can secure that the flowon the upper surface of the bottom plate 111 does not exhibit flowseparation, especially as an up-flow is present.

Although the example fluid-driven power unit is shown having the openbox 340 at the inlet, it can be appreciated that the open-box is merelyan optional, non-limiting example configuration of the fluid-drivenpower unit.

As previously alluded to, it may be desirable to limit or prevent flowseparation, especially if an up-flow is present. FIG. 7 f illustratesthe example fluid-driven power unit shown in FIGS. 7 b and 7 c , in anup-flow. In some example embodiments, horizontal free wind (illustratedby arrows in FIG. 7 c ) is pushed upwards by the presence of a building350 or similar elevation. The forward leading-edge 345 extension of thebottom plate further supports the function of the inlet encapsulationchamber (as defined, in this example, by open box 340) by serving as acapturing lip in the presence of strong wind up-flow. In such cases, itcan be preferred that the leading edge 345 is close to the leading edgeof the building 350 or elevation, or can preferably extends over theedge of the building 350. This is also true for buildings with orwithout parapets.

FIGS. 7 g and 7 h illustrate an alternative configuration of thefluid-driven power unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with variousembodiments. The example illustrated in FIGS. 7 g and 7 h is similar tothe example illustrated in FIG. 1 with a few exceptions. FIGS. 7 g and 7h illustrate a fluid driven power unit having an inlet 332 g in whichthe function of the inlet chamber and the inlet bell mouth have beenintegrated into one duct 352 where the inlet 332 g is now directlyfacing the wind. It can be understood that the inlet 332 g (i.e. theinlet area) can be orientated in the direction of a centerline 355 ofthe unit, but the present disclosure is not limited to this non-limitingexample. In some embodiments, the centerline In some embodiments, thecenterline 355 dissects the U-shaped body at an apex of the U-shape. 31n some embodiments, the centerline 355 is a line of symmetry of theU-shape. FIG. 7 g illustrates the inlet 332 g being on the top of theunit rather than on the bottom. FIG. 7 h illustrates the inlet 332 hbeing on the bottom of the unit rather than on the top.

It can be understood that the inlet and the duct can be of multipleforms and shape. For a wind application, the configuration of FIG. 7 gmay be less desirable as the center of gravity is moved upwards, makingthe structure more expensive. However, for water applications, forexample, with the unit mounted on the bottom of a river hydrokineticsystem, the upside-down configuration may be highly desirable.

FIG. 7 i (a top perspective view) and 7 j (a side perspective view)illustrate a similar configuration of the fluid-driven power unit ofFIG. 7 g , with a few exceptions. As previously alluded to with respectto FIG. 7 g , it may be desirable for the inlet to be oriented into thewind direction. In some embodiments, the wind direction may not bedirectly in a centerline of the fluid-driven power unit. Compare forexample FIG. 7 g , where the inlet 332 g (i.e. the inlet area) may beoriented in the wind direction (with the inlet and the wind directionoriented parallel to a centerline of the unit), with FIG. 7 i and FIG. 7j , where the inlet 332 i (i.e. the inlet area) may be oriented with thewind direction, but not parallel to a centerline 355 of the unit.

As such, it can be understood that the inlet can be oriented into thewind direction, but not necessarily in a fixed position relative to therest of the unit, e.g. the top or bottom plate. In some exampleconfigurations, for example configurations in which the front inlet areais the same as the internal turbine rotor area (internal turbine rotorarea can be a function of turbine diameter discussed with reference toFIG. 18 ), it may be desirable to turn the inlet into the wind in orderto secure the effective inlet area is not reduced (or to maximize theeffective inlet are). In other words, it may be desirable for the windto enter the inlet area at or near a perpendicular angle. As such, oneor more configurations can be designed with the inlet at a variety ofangles off the center line of the unit. In some examples describedherein, the unit can include one or more mechanisms, e.g. actuators(e.g. to rotate, translate, and/or tilt the duct or inlet), sensors(e.g. for sensing wind direction or sensing power output or rotationalspeed of the generator), and processing components. It can be understoodthat the actuator can be configured to actuate the inlet, duct, or wholeunit, into more optimal locations (e.g. by rotation, translation,tilting, or otherwise, and based on one or more values of the sensors)so that an effective area of the inlet is maximized as the direction ofthe wind may change. It can be understood that the mechanism can includea rail, track, rack and pinion, or other mechanism for translationalmovement coupled to the fluid-driven power unit. It can also beunderstood, that in some configurations, e.g. if the inlet are is largerthan the internal turbine rotor area, such mechanisms may not benecessary.

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative configuration of the fluid-drivenpower unit of FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments. The exampleillustrated in FIG. 8 is similar to the example illustrated in FIGS. 1-7j with a few exceptions. In this example, the top and bottom plates arecontoured to improve airflow. For example, the top plate comprises twotop plates 113 shaped like airfoils to further increase the speed of thefluid flow in the interior of the unit thereby increasing the negativepressure provided to draw fluid through generator assembly module 123and upper body 122. Although this example illustrates two top plates113, other embodiments may include other quantities of top plates 113.In this example, the forward top plate 113 is forward of and below reartop plate 113. Rear top plate 113 includes a larger angle of attack tothe airflow. Bottom plate 114 is contoured upwards from front to backfurther increasing airflow through the interior of the unit.

As seen in this example, a rear baffle 136 is included behind the areaof generator assembly module 123. Rear baffle 136 can be configured tocollect air from the prevailing airflow and funnel that air into theopenings (discussed above) at the back side of the generator assembly123. The baffle 136 forms an enclosure around the inlet 332 togetherwith the rooftop surface and the lower side of the bottom plate 114. Inthis example, baffle 136 presents an opening in the front to collecttheir and is curved at the rear to help channel that air into theopenings on the backside of the generator housing. Other baffle shapesmay be provided.

This example also illustrates mounting the unit on a building 211 at aheight such that generator assembly module 123 is at least partiallyabove the top of the building façade. In this way, airflow can becaptured by baffle 136 and directed toward the openings in the generatorhousing.

FIG. 9 illustrates rear perspective view of the fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments. Like the example ofFIG. 8 , this view illustrates top plates 113 and bottom plate 114 inthe form of airfoils. This view also illustrates that baffle 136 may beconfigured with a U-shaped cross-section in which the upper arms of theyou are flared outward to improve the capture of airflow into thegenerator assembly module 123. This example also illustrates how theunit may be mounted partially below the façade of building 211.

FIG. 10 illustrates a front perspective view of the fluid-driven powerunit of FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments. This exampleillustrates the fluid-driven power unit without body 122 installed toprovide a view of a mounting manifold 124 can be used to couple body 122and generator assembly module 123. In this example, manifold 124 extendspartially above the curved surface of contoured bottom plate 114.Manifold 124 includes a mounting flange 125 that can be used to mountbody 122 to manifold 124 such as, for example, using physical orchemical fastening elements.

Also shown beneath bottom plate 114 are mounting structures 126 affixedto manifold 124 upon which bottom plate 114 is mounted. Bottom plate 114is rendered as transparent such that the structures are viewable throughbottom plate 114 in the illustration. As illustrated, mountingstructures 126 may be curved to accommodate the contoured shape ofbottom plate 114. Mounting structures 126 may be affixed to manifold 124via physical or chemical fastening means or they may be molded as partof manifold 124. As this example illustrates, housing for generatorassembly module 123 may also include an inlet bell mouth 332.

This example also includes top cross members 150, which, unlike theexample illustrated in FIGS. 1-7 , are mounted beneath top plates 113.Cross members 150 in this example are connected to vertical bars 161(only one numbered to avoid clutter in the diagram) running through thevertical length of airfoils 112 to at least bottom plate 114 tophysically connect the components together with the desired orientationand spatial relation.

FIG. 11 illustrates side and front views of the fluid-driven power unitof FIG. 8 in accordance with various embodiments. In this example,manifold 124 is tapered along its length in various dimensions toprovide a transition from the generally circular shape of the body ofgenerator assembly module 123 (which may be of circular geometry tohouse a circular turbine therein) to the U-shaped cross-section of body122. In this example, manifold 124 tapers from a diameter of the body ofgenerator assembly module 123 that is larger than the width of body 122.In the longitudinal direction (from front to back of the unit) manifold124 tapers to transition from the diameter of the body of generatorassembly module 123 to the longer depth of body 122.

FIG. 11 also illustrates an example configuration in which at least theforward portions of generator assembly module 123, manifold 124 and body122 (not shown in this diagram) are positioned forward of airfoils 112.The rear opening portion of body 122 is positioned between forwardairfoils 112.

Embodiments may be implemented as shown herein in which generatorassembly module 123 body, manifold 124 and body 122 are separatestructures that are attached or fit together using physical or chemicalfasteners or a snap fit or friction fit configuration. Embodiments mayalso be implemented in which two or more of these components are unitarycomponents, for example, molded together as a single piece.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example configuration for bottom plate 114including mounting cutouts for mounting various components of afluid-driven power unit in accordance with various embodiments. In thisexample, contoured grooves 221 are formed in bottom plate 114 in theshape of airfoils 112. Contoured grooves 221 are of a geometry shaped tomatch the outer dimensions of the bottom portion of airfoils 112. Inthis manner, airfoils 112 can be configured to slide into grooves 221for a more secure mounting arrangement. Extending from each group 221.Posts 223 can be dimensioned to conform to a corresponding opening inthe bottom of airfoils 112 such that they can accept airfoils 112 formounting. In another embodiment, posts 223 can be dimensioned such thatthey slide inside of a corresponding opening in the bottom of verticalbars 161 to accept vertical bars 161 as a structure for mountingairfoils 112 to bottom plate 114. In other words, vertical bars 161 canbe configured as hollow tubes to accept posts 223. Alternatively, posts223 can be configured as hollow tubes to accept vertical bars 161. Posts223 can be mounted on and extend from bottom plate 114. In otherembodiments, posts 223 can extend from beneath bottom plate 114.

FIG. 12 also illustrates an aperture 213 dimensioned to accept manifold124. As illustrated, aperture 213 may extend entirely through the depthof bottom plate 114 such that manifold 124 can pass through bottom plate114. Grooves 221, on the other hand, may or may not pass all the waythrough the depth of bottom plate 114. Indeed, in the illustratedexample grooves 221 only extend part way through the depth of bottomplate 114, providing a bottom surface upon which their respectivecorresponding airfoils can rest. Bottom plate 114 can be molded,printed, or otherwise formed with grooves 221 and aperture 213 formedtherein. Alternatively, bottom plate 114 can be machined to add grooves221 and aperture 213.

FIG. 13 illustrates another view of the bottom plate 114 of FIG. 12 inaccordance with various embodiments. Particularly, FIG. 13 illustratestop and bottom views of this bottom plate 114 with grooves 221 andaperture 213. FIG. 13 also illustrates through holes 217 through whichposts 223 (or portions of posts 223) may extend. As FIGS. 12 and 13illustrate, the inside surface of aperture 213 can be beveled toaccommodate the exterior spatial profile of manifold 124.

FIG. 14 illustrates top and bottom views of bottom plate 114 with anouter body of manifold 124 mounted therein in accordance with variousembodiments. This illustrates an example of how manifold 124 can includea cylindrical cross-section beneath bottom plate 114 for mounting on toa cylindrical body of generator assembly module 123, and an elongatecross-section (e.g., in this case u-shaped) above bottom plate 114 formounting to a body 122 also having a similar elongate cross-section.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a manifold such as that included inthe examples of FIGS. 10-14 in accordance with various embodiments. FIG.15 shows that manifold 124 has a cylindrical cross-section at the bottomand an elongate cross-section at the top. Cylindrical cross-section atthe bottom a cylindrical body of generator assembly module 123. Flange125 may provide a flat rim or collar that can be used to secure manifold124 to the body 122. Flange 127 may provide a flat rim or collar thatcan be used to secure manifold 124 to the body of generator assemblymodule 123. As described above with reference to FIG. 10 , mountingstructures 126 may be included to provide a structure that makes to thebottom surface of bottom plate 114. Mounting structures 126 may servenot only amounting function but also facilitate alignment and placementof manifold 124 relative to bottom plate 114.

FIG. 16 a illustrates an example of a U-shaped elongate body mounted toa manifold in accordance with various embodiments. In this example,you-shaped elongate body 122 is affixed to manifold 124 by fasteningelements at flange 125. In this manner, body 122 extends vertically frommanifold 124 and is now configured to be coupled to generator assemblymodule 123 via manifold 124. In this example, the top of manifold 124extends beyond the depth of U-shaped body 122. However, in otherembodiments, body 122 can extend the entire depth of (or it can exceedthe depth of) the top of manifold 124.

FIGS. 16 b, 16 c, 16 d , illustrate an example of a U-shaped elongatedbody mounted to a manifold, in which the internal flow stream isdirected by a number (e.g. one or more) of guide vanes 156 in order toachieve and optimal discharge of airflow. The number of guide vanes 156can be adjusted to the specific design. The guide vanes 156 may belocated inside the motor house 325, inside the manifold 124 or insidethe elongate body 112. The angle of the guide vanes 156 plays animportant role in the optimal ejection the internal flow stream. Equallyso, the manifold 124, provides the transition from a round sectionallowing the turbine to rotate to the U-shaped body 122, but it alsoserves two additional purposes. The first additional purpose is adiffusor expansion, from the round rotor section, which is important inorder to balance the system pressures at any given wind speed. Thesecond additional purpose is to guide the flow direction ejecting in thelowest section of the U-shaped body 122, indicated by the angle 162 inthe figure. This ejection angle can function alone or in combinationwith the guide vanes 156.

FIG. 16 e illustrates a vertical cross section of an example U-shapedbody mounted to a manifold having an internal flow stream pathway. Asshown in the vertical cross section, the U-shaped body 122 includes aninternal flow stream pathway that can gradually push the fluid to ejectfrom the body 122. This design shown in FIG. 16 e can be used alone orin combinations with the design of the manifold 124 and/or the inclusionof guide vanes 156 (e.g. as previously described with reference to FIGS.16 a-16 d ).

In some embodiments, the U-shaped body does not have to be linear orexactly vertically installed. FIG. 16 f , shows an example U-shaped bodymounted to a manifold, in which the U-shaped body 122 f is inclined fromvertical and also has non-linearly distributed cross sections. Again,this example can be included with the features of the manifold 124and/or guide vanes 156 (shown in prior FIGS. 16 b-16 d ). Further, FIG.16 e shows a top plate 110 e, which can be an airfoil of a truncatedtype and a bottom plate 111 e which can be an airfoil of the platedairfoil type. Similarly, FIG. 16 f shows a top plate 110 f, which can beanother airfoil of truncated type and a bottom plate 111 f which can beanother airfoil of the plated airfoil type.

FIGS. 16 g and 16 h illustrate an example U-shaped body mounted to amanifold, that includes a guide vane 356 in the external flow stream(i.e. not internal to the U-shaped body). FIG. 16 g shows the guide vane356 arranged between vertical airfoil sets (airfoils 112 shown), whereasFIG. 16 h shows the example U-shaped body mounted to a manifold havingguide vane 356, and absent any vertical airfoil.

One or more guide vanes (guide vane 357 shown) can be of particularimportance to support an effective airflow when large up flow angles arepresent due to unit elevation, such as illustrated in FIG. 65 c . Thecombined design of top plate, bottom plate and external guide vanes,(whether plates, airfoil shaped, or combinations thereof) can enhance orcreate the external flow stream (e.g. an optimal external flow stream).In other words, top plate, bottom plate and the external guide vanes caneach be plate shaped, airfoil shaped, or combinations thereof, and canbe shaped so that the external flow stream is optimal.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exploded view of a manifold, generator body andbottom mounting ring in accordance with various embodiments. Asillustrated, manifold 124 is positioned within bottom plate 114 suchthat mounting structures 126 contact the bottom surface of bottom plate114. In this example, the top portion of manifold 124 extends abovebottom plate 114 so they can be connected with body 122, and the bottomportion of manifold 124 extends beneath bottom plate 114 so they can beconnected with housing 325 of generator assembly module 123. Housing 325of generator assembly module 123 includes an upper flange 336 and alower flange 334 that provide a flat rim or collar that can be used tosecure body 325 to manifold 124, and body 325 to inlet bell mouth, 332,respectively.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exploded view of a generator assembly inaccordance with various embodiments. Referring now to FIG. 18 ,generator assembly module 132 includes a turbine rotor assembly 321, astator 322 and a generator 323. Generator 323 includes a series ofmagnets mounted with alternating polarities about the perimeter of thedevice. Generator 323 includes a shaft that is mounted to turbine rotorassembly 321 such that rotation of turbine rotor of turbine rotorassembly 321 causes rotor blades of turbine rotor assembly to rotate.Stator 322, which remains stationary, can rectify the skewing behind theturbine rotor assembly 321. Stator 322 can include a number of airfoilsoptimized for this purpose. The blades of stator 322 can be supported bya casing 360, in which the generator 323 is enclosed inside the housing325 (shown in FIG. 17 ) and embedded in the generator assembly module123 (see for example FIG. 1 ).

Following the casing 360 and housing 325, the generator assembly caninclude a nose cone 365. The nose cone 365 can smooth the aerodynamicflow around the casing 260 and the turbine rotor blades. The diameter ofthe casing 360 and nose cone 365, referred to as the hub diameter, andthe diameter of the turbine can be carefully matched to the overallsystem performance. In essence the ratio of the turbine diameter to thehub ratio can controls the pressure drop that the turbine can produceagainst the low-pressure originating in the vertical airfoils sets andthe over-pressure originating in the inlet chamber, at any given windspeed.

Stator 322 can be stationary within the housing (e.g. with respect tothe housing) and can surrounds generator 323. When turbine rotor bladesof turbine rotor assembly 321 causes rotor 323 to rotate (with itsmagnets) within stator 322, rotor 323 produces a rotating magnetic fieldwithin stator 322. Stator 322 includes a plurality of coils about itsperimeter that convert the rotating magnetic field generated by rotor323 into an electric current. In the illustrated example, turbine rotorassembly 321 includes five rotor blades, but in other embodiments,turbine rotor assembly 321 may include a different quantity of rotorblades.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the generator assembly of FIG. 18mounted within the generator body of FIG. 17 in accordance with variousembodiments. Particularly, FIG. 19 illustrates a top perspective view(upper-left-hand corner of the illustration) a top view(upper-right-hand corner of the illustration) a side view(bottom-left-hand corner of the illustration) and a bottom view(bottom-right-hand corner of the illustration). As can be seen from FIG.19 , generator assembly module 123 can fit within and be affixed to bodyportion 325. As described above, a negative pressure created by wind (orother fluid) flowing across airfoils 112 (and across airfoils 113 and114 in various embodiments) draws air up from the bottom of the unitpast the turbine, through manifold 124 and up and out through body 122.This causes turbine rotor assembly 321 to rotate, generating electricalenergy by rotation of rotor 323 within stator 322.

FIGS. 20 a-20 h illustrate cross section views of U-shaped bodies withproximate vertical airfoil sets. FIG. 20 a is a cross section view of aU-shaped body 522 a surrounded by vertical airfoil sets 512 a which arecomprised of three airfoils, each. The use of different airfoils anddifferent chord c1 lengths may depend on the specific use of the unitand the specific structural construction. For example, the use of threeairfoils, shown in FIG. 20 a , in each airfoil set 512 a would allow alarger unit to be constructed using the exact same airfoil tooling whichis designed for two airfoils in each airfoil set.

FIG. 20 a illustrates that the set of airfoils can include airfoilspositioned behind and to the outside of the preceding airfoil andspatially overlapping the preceding (if there is a preceding airfoil)and next airfoil.

FIG. 20 a , further illustrates two key measures of the design, namelythe width w1 of U-shaped body 522 a. The width w1 and the height of theU-shaped body 522 can be associated with the characteristic area throughwhich the internal flow stream is ejected. The largest distance d1between the two airfoil sets 512 a, or the width of the unit (except forvarious overhangs), and the height of the airfoil sets 512 a cancharacterize the total cross section area facing the wind (or otherfluid flow). This area cab be characterized as the swept area, which canbe used to describe what the unit energy extraction potential is. Theratio between the ejection area of the U-shaped body 522 a and the sweptarea of the system, combined with the pressure potential produced by theairfoils 512 a can be a key parameter in describing the energyextraction performance of the system. In some embodiments, the ratio ofthe ejection area to the swept area can be equal to or larger than 0.03,0.05, or 0.1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the swept area to rotorarea can be equal to or larger than 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, or 0.06. In someembodiments, the ratio of the swept area to rotor area is larger than0.067.

It can be understood that the pressure within the power generation unit,caused at least in part by the lifting pressure of the airfoils, drawsair past the turbine, through the body element and out the open back ofthe body element, thereby extracting power from this secondary fluidflow stream. FIG. 20 b is a cross section view of a U-shaped body 522 bsurrounded by vertical airfoil sets 512 b which are comprised of threeairfoils, each. FIG. 20 b illustrates the use of three plated styleairfoils in airfoil set 512 b. Plated style airfoils can be consideredadvantageous in water flow where the unit weight may be of lessimportance. The plated style airfoils can be made of steel plates. Incases where the steel plates should be thinner (e.g. for limitingweight), even more airfoils can be applied.

FIG. 20 c shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body 522 c, with fourairfoils used in the airfoil set 512 c, which is more number of airfoilscompared to the airfoils in airfoil set 512 b in the example of FIG. 20b . FIG. 20 d is another cross section view, of another U-shaped body522 d, having only one associated airfoil in each airfoil set 512 d.

FIG. 20 e shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body 522 e, withairfoils of different sizes (and types) within the set of airfoils 512e. Specifically, the first airfoil 523 may be chosen for of betteraerodynamic and/or structural properties than those of the rear airfoils534. Together, the airfoils of the set 512 e may serve as a flappedairfoil configuration.

FIG. 20 f shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body 522 f andairfoils in a set of airfoils 512 f having a particular style ofairfoils, often called drop airfoils or masted (as in sail boat mastswith sails) airfoils. These airfoils are often made of two distinctseparate elements, namely a leading-edge structure 535 that carries thestructural loads and a thinner, aerodynamical completion portion 536 ofthe airfoil. Specifically, the airfoil could at least partially beconstructed by extruded aluminum.

FIG. 20 g shows a cross section view of a U-shaped body 522 e, with afirst set of airfoils 515 a and a second set of airfoils 512 g, wherethe two sets of airfoils are not symmetrical. FIG. 20 h is a crosssection view of a U-shaped body 522 h, and sets of airfoils 515 h,wherein the U-shaped body 522 h includes various slits or perforations566. The sets of airfoils 515 a can have different number of airfoilswithin the set of airfoils 515 b. FIG. 20 g illustrates that the twoairfoil sets do not have to be symmetrical. Asymmetry can be achieved bya number of different means, for example but not limited to havingdifferent angles of the individual airfoils between the two sets, havingdiffering spacing between airfoils of the sets, having differentairfoils (e.g. different shape) and having a different number ofairfoils. Some of these features are illustrated in FIG. 20 g.

Although the U-shaped bodies shown in the present disclosure are shownwith open backs, it can be understood that the U-shaped bodies can haveat least one portion along the vertical length of the body, having oneor more of openings, cavities, flaps, slits, slats, apertures, orperforations. For example, a series of slats can run along length orwidth of the open back of the U-shaped body. It can also be understoodthat the back can have one or more slits, slats, or perforations can beuniformly or non-uniformly spaced or shaped. In some embodiments, theslats can be airfoil shaped. As a specific example, FIG. 20 h is a crosssection view of a U-shaped body 522 h, and sets of airfoils 512 h,wherein the U-shaped body 522 h includes various slits or perforations566.

The terms “substantially” and “about” used throughout this disclosure,including the claims, are used to describe and account for smallfluctuations, such as due to variations in processing. For example, theycan refer to less than or equal to ±5%, such as less than or equal to±2%, such as less than or equal to ±1%, such as less than or equal to±0.5%, such as less than or equal to ±0.2%, such as less than or equalto ±0.1%, such as less than or equal to ±0.05%.

The term “coupled” refers to direct or indirect joining, connecting,fastening, contacting or linking, and may refer to various forms ofcoupling such as physical, optical, electrical, fluidic, mechanical,chemical, magnetic, electromagnetic, optical, communicative or othercoupling, or a combination of the foregoing. Where one form of couplingis specified, this does not imply that other forms of coupling areexcluded. For example, one component physically coupled to anothercomponent may reference physical attachment of or contact between thetwo components (directly or indirectly), but does not exclude otherforms of coupling between the components such as, for example, acommunications link (e.g., an RF or optical link) also communicativelycoupling the two components. Likewise, the various terms themselves arenot intended to be mutually exclusive. For example, a fluidic coupling,magnetic coupling or a mechanical coupling, among others, may be a formof physical coupling.

The term “set” refers to a collection of one or more objects. Thus, forexample, a set of objects can include a single object or multipleobjects. Objects within a set can be the same or different. In someinstances, objects within a set can share one or more commoncharacteristics.

While various embodiments of the disclosed technology have beendescribed above, it should be understood that they have been presentedby way of example only, and not of limitation. Likewise, the variousdiagrams may depict an example architectural or other configuration forthe disclosed technology, which is done to aid in understanding thefeatures and functionality that can be included in the disclosedtechnology. The disclosed technology is not restricted to theillustrated example architectures or configurations, but the desiredfeatures can be implemented using a variety of alternative architecturesand configurations. Indeed, it will be apparent to one of skill in theart how alternative functional, logical or physical partitioning andconfigurations can be implemented to implement the desired features ofthe technology disclosed herein. Also, a multitude of differentconstituent module names other than those depicted herein can be appliedto the various partitions. Additionally, with regard to flow diagrams,operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which the stepsare presented herein shall not mandate that various embodiments beimplemented to perform the recited functionality in the same orderunless the context dictates otherwise.

Although the disclosed technology is described above in terms of variousexemplary embodiments and implementations, it should be understood thatthe various features, aspects and functionality described in one or moreof the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability tothe particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead canbe applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of theother embodiments of the disclosed technology, whether or not suchembodiments are described and whether or not such features are presentedas being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scopeof the technology disclosed herein should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments.

Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unlessotherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposedto limiting. As examples of the foregoing: the term “including” shouldbe read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like; the term“example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item indiscussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; the terms “a” or“an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or thelike; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,”“standard,” “known” and terms of similar meaning should not be construedas limiting the item described to a given time period or to an itemavailable as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompassconventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may beavailable or known now or at any time in the future. Likewise, wherethis document refers to technologies that would be apparent or known toone of ordinary skill in the art, such technologies encompass thoseapparent or known to the skilled artisan now or at any time in thefuture.

The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “atleast,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instancesshall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or requiredin instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of theterm “module” does not imply that the components or functionalitydescribed or claimed as part of the module are all configured in acommon package. Indeed, any or all of the various components of amodule, whether control logic or other components, can be combined in asingle package or separately maintained and can further be distributedin multiple groupings or packages or across multiple locations.

Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described interms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations.As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art afterreading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their variousalternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustratedexamples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying descriptionshould not be construed as mandating a particular architecture orconfiguration.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A fluid-driven power generation unit, comprising; afirst wall and a second wall on opposite ends of the power generationunit; an elongated body element having a curved front face and an atleast partially open back disposed, at least in part, between the firstwall and the second wall; a first set of airfoils disposed between theelongated body element and the first wall with their leading edgesfacing a windward end of the power generation unit to create a firstopening between the elongated body element and the first set ofairfoils, wherein the first set of airfoils comprises a first airfoiland a second airfoil, the second airfoil being positioned leewardoutside of the first airfoil and spatially overlapping the firstairfoil; a second set of airfoils disposed between the elongated bodyelement and the second wall with their leading edges facing a windwardend of the power generation unit to create a second opening between theelongated body element and the second set of airfoils; a generatorcomprising a housing, a turbine disposed within the housing, and anelectrical generation unit actuated by the turbine; and a manifoldcoupled between the elongated body element and the housing of thegenerator; wherein wind flowing through the first and second openings isaccelerated by inner surfaces of the first set of airfoils and thesecond set of airfoils causing a reduced pressure within the powergeneration unit, the reduced pressure drawing fluid past the turbine,through the manifold and the elongated body element, and out the atleast partially open back of the elongated body element, rotating theturbine, thereby driving the power generation unit to generateelectrical power.
 27. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim26, wherein the second set of airfoils comprises a third airfoil and afourth airfoil, the fourth airfoil being positioned leeward and outsideof the third airfoil and spatially overlapping the third airfoil. 28.The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 26, further comprising atop plate and a bottom plate, wherein the top plate comprises ahorizontally disposed airfoil, spanning a width of the power generationunit.
 29. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 26, whereinthe fluid is air, and the curved front face of the elongated bodyelement presents a solid curved surface to the fluid such that a flow ofthe fluid is directed by this surface to either side of the elongatedbody element over the first set of airfoils and the second set ofairfoils.
 30. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 26,wherein the elongated body element further comprises guide vanesconfigured to modify a discharge of airflow.
 31. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 26, wherein the generator is disposed in axialalignment with the elongated body element.
 32. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 26, wherein the back of the elongated bodyelement is at least partially perforated.
 33. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 26, wherein the elongated body elementcomprises a non-uniform cross section.
 34. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 26, wherein a quantity of airfoils in the firstset of airfoils is different from a quantity of airfoils in the secondset of airfoils.
 35. A fluid-driven power generation unit, comprising; atop plate; a bottom plate; a first wall and a second wall on oppositesides of the power generation unit, the first wall and the second wallextending between the top plate and the bottom plate; an elongated bodyelement having a curved front face and an at least partially open backextending from the top plate to the bottom plate and being positionedbetween the first wall and the second wall; a first airfoil and a secondairfoil disposed on opposite sides of the elongated body element invertical orientation between the top plate and the bottom plate, andbetween the first wall and the second wall, with their leading edgesfacing a windward end of the power generation unit to create openingsbetween the elongated body element and the first and the second airfoil,respectively; a generator comprising a housing, a turbine disposedwithin the housing, and an electrical generation unit actuated by theturbine; and a manifold coupled between the elongated body element andthe housing of the generator; wherein fluid flowing through the openingsis accelerated by inner surfaces of the first and the second airfoilcausing a reduced pressure within the power generation unit, the reducedpressure drawing fluid past the turbine, through the manifold and theelongated body element, and out the at least partially open back of theelongated body element, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the powergeneration unit to generate electrical power.
 36. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 35, wherein the top plate comprises ahorizontally disposed airfoil, spanning a width of the power generationunit.
 37. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 35, whereinthe fluid is ambient air, and the curved front face of the elongatedbody element presents a solid curved surface to the fluid such that aflow of the fluid is directed by this surface to either side of theelongated body element over the first and second airfoils.
 38. Thefluid-driven power generation unit of claim 35, wherein the back of theelongated body element is completely open.
 39. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 35, wherein the back of the elongated bodyelement is at least partially perforated.
 40. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 35, wherein the elongated body element furthercomprises guide vanes configured to modify a discharge of airflow. 41.The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 35, wherein theelongated body element comprises a non-uniform cross section.
 42. Afluid-driven power generation unit, comprising; a first wall and asecond wall on opposite ends of the power generation unit; an elongatedbody element having a curved front face and an at least partially openback disposed, at least in part, between the first wall and the secondwall; a first airfoil and a second airfoil disposed on opposite sides ofthe elongated body element between the first wall and the second wallwith their leading edges facing a windward end of the power generationunit to create openings between the elongated body element and the firstand the second airfoil, respectively; a generator comprising a housing,a turbine disposed within the housing, and an electrical generation unitactuated by the turbine; a duct surrounding a first side of an inlet,the duct configured to direct fluid from a first end of the inlet intoat least one inlet in the housing of the generator, wherein the inlet,the duct, and the inlet in the housing of the generator are fluidicallycoupled; an actuator configured to rotate the inlet into a direction ofa fluid flow; and a manifold coupled between the elongated body elementand the housing of the generator; wherein the fluid, when flowingthrough the openings is accelerated by inner surfaces of the first andthe second airfoil causing a reduced pressure within the powergeneration unit, the reduced pressure drawing the fluid past theturbine, through the manifold and the elongated body element, and outthe at least partially open back of the elongated body element, rotatingthe turbine, thereby driving the power generation unit to generateelectrical power.
 43. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim42, further comprising a top plate and a bottom plate, wherein the topplate comprises a horizontally disposed airfoil, spanning a width of thepower generation unit.
 44. The fluid-driven power generation unit ofclaim 42, wherein the fluid is air, and the curved front face of theelongated body element presents a solid curved surface to the air suchthat a flow of the air is directed by this surface to either side of theelongated body element over the first and second airfoils.
 45. Thefluid-driven power generation unit of claim 42, wherein the elongatedbody element further comprises guide vanes configured to modify adischarge of airflow.
 46. The fluid-driven power generation unit ofclaim 42, wherein the generator is disposed in axial alignment with theelongated body element.
 47. The fluid-driven power generation unit ofclaim 42, wherein the back of the elongated body element is at leastpartially perforated.
 48. The fluid-driven power generation unit ofclaim 42, wherein the elongated body element comprises a non-uniformcross section.
 49. A fluid-driven power generation unit, comprising; afirst wall and a second wall on opposite ends of the power generationunit; an elongated body element having a curved front face and an atleast partially open back disposed, at least in part, between the firstwall and the second wall; a first airfoil and a second airfoil disposedon opposite sides of the elongated body element between the first walland the second wall with their leading edges facing a windward end ofthe power generation unit to create openings between the elongated bodyelement and the first and the second airfoil, respectively; a generatorcomprising a housing, a turbine disposed within the housing, and anelectrical generation unit actuated by the turbine; an inlet; and a ductsurrounding a first side of the inlet, the duct configured to directfluid from a first end of the inlet into at least one inlet in thehousing of the generator, wherein the inlet, the duct, and the inlet inthe housing of the generator are fluidically coupled, and wherein asecond side of the inlet is encapsulated by at least partially openchamber; and a manifold coupled between the elongated body element andthe housing of the generator; wherein wind flowing through the openingsis accelerated by inner surfaces of the first and the second airfoilcausing a reduced pressure within the power generation unit, the reducedpressure drawing air past the turbine, through the manifold and theelongated body element, and out the at least partially open back of theelongated body element, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the powergeneration unit to generate electrical power.
 50. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 49, further comprising a top plate and a bottomplate, wherein the top plate comprises a horizontally disposed airfoil,spanning a width of the power generation unit.
 51. The fluid-drivenpower generation unit of claim 49, wherein the fluid is air, and thecurved front face of the elongated body element presents a solid curvedsurface to the air such that a flow of the air is directed by thissurface to either side of the elongated body element over the first andsecond airfoils.
 52. The fluid-driven power generation unit of claim 49,wherein the elongated body element further comprises guide vanesconfigured to modify a discharge of airflow.
 53. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 49, wherein the back of the elongated bodyelement is at least partially perforated.
 54. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 49, wherein the elongated body elementcomprises a non-uniform cross section.
 55. A fluid-driven powergeneration unit, comprising; a first set of airfoils disposed on a firstside of the power generation unit with their leading edges facing afirst end of the power generation unit, wherein the first set ofairfoils comprises a first airfoil and a second airfoil, the secondairfoil being positioned leeward and outside of the first airfoil andspatially overlapping the first airfoil; a second set of airfoilsdisposed on a second side of the power generation unit, opposite thefirst side, with their leading edges facing the first end of the powergeneration unit; an elongated body element having a curved front faceand an at least partially open back, wherein at least a portion of theelongated body element is disposed between the first and second set ofairfoils; and a power generation unit in fluid communication with theelongated body element, the power generation unit comprising a housing,a turbine disposed within the housing, and an electrical generation unitactuated by the turbine; wherein fluid flowing through openings betweenthe elongated body element and the first and the second sets of airfoilsis accelerated by inner surfaces of the first and the second sets ofairfoils causing a reduced pressure within the power generation unit,the reduced pressure drawing fluid past the turbine, through theelongated body element and out the at least partially open back of theelongated body element, rotating the turbine, thereby driving the powergeneration unit to generate electrical power.
 56. The fluid-driven powergeneration unit of claim 55, wherein the second set of airfoilscomprises a third airfoil and a fourth airfoil, the fourth airfoil beingpositioned leeward and outside of the third airfoil and spatiallyoverlapping the third airfoil.